Colleen Purcell
Big Bang term paper
December 1, 2012
How Our Universe Began
Even
now most of us still wonder where and how did our universe start. Most of everyone have their own beliefs and
may also have their doubts. Everyday
science has proved how certain animals or plants have become or are now
living. Science has a theory called the
Big Bang Theory that is an explanation to how our universe started and the
beginning of the world. With science
there is always evidence to prove why and how certain things are happening or
happened. In the Big Bang theory they
have evidence to prove to us why and how the world has started to make us
believe them. But with that evidence
that also means that there are some doubts that can’t be totally proven. Most people don’t fully believe anything
until they see it happen with their own eyes.
So with all the doubts we have theories of the history of our earth with
pieces of evidence to try and make us all believe this is the way it has all
began.
While
searching science Hubble’s law proved that the Earth is expanding all the
time. Which this law led science to show
and prove the Big Bang Theory to explain our universe. Science these days have such high technology
that enables us to do so much. We are
able to prove and see that our earth started between 13.75 to 14 years
ago. Many objects and living things that
are important to us occurred and were beginning within seconds to minutes after
the Big Bang occurred. Our universe at
one point was just a hot dense state which was a rapid expansion that cooled. When this cooling occurring energies were
turned into protons, neutrons, electrons, and particles. As most have learned hydrogen was the first
element to be produced. All these
particles being created eventually made the stars and galaxies. There were different era’s that led up to what
our galaxies and universe is now made of.
These eras were Planck, GUT, electroweak, particle, nuclei,
nucleosynthesis, atoms, and galaxies.
This all started in the Planck era that to this day we cannot describe
because we do not understand the physics of it.
That was followed by the GUT era that caused inflation by the release of
enormous about of energy. But still to
this day they are not 100 percent that this is correct but have tests to back
it up. In the electroweak era three
forces which are gravity, a strong force, and electroweak force produced matter
and antimatter particles. “In the
particle era photons continued to turn into all sorts of exotic particles that
were no longer find freely existing in the universe today, including quarks-the
building blocks of photons and neutrons.
By the end of the particle era, all quarks had combined into protons and
neutrons, which shared the universe with other particles such as electrons,
neutrinos, and perhaps WIMPS.”(Bennett, 2012)
Next in the nucleosynthesis era that was over in five minutes after the
universe began helium was made. In this
era the heat still was so high that most nuclei broke as they formed. As that held for about 380,00 years the
nuclei era started where if the nuclei captured an electron it would ionize it
to make it an atom. Making those atoms
then formed the era of atoms that assembled together with plasma to create
protogalactic clouds. So by the time the
universe was one billion years old in the era of galaxies the clouds had
created stars and galaxies that still continue to create to this day. “Since the
Big Bang, the universe has been continuously expanding and, thus, there has
been more and more distance between clusters of galaxies. This phenomenon of
galaxies moving farther away from each other is known as the red shift. As
light from distant galaxies approach earth there is an increase of space
between earth and the galaxy, which leads to wavelengths being
stretched.”(Lacrocco, Big Bang) All of these eras
were created with the start of the Big Bang theory. The origin of this theory came from Hubble
because of his discovery of the universe continuously expanding. But this theory was studied by many
scientists and was proven to work from many different people.
To
prove every theory and make people believe them we have to have evidence to
back it all up. The first piece of
evidence was discovered in 1965 by two men named Arno Penzias and Robert
Wilson. Their antenna showed a noise
that was coming from all different parts instead of one certain area. This moving that radiation was still all over
with finding that “noise” which is cosmic microwave background. Finding this they were able to look back when
the Earth was 380,000 years old showing that the radiation came from a red star
that had a few hundred nanometers. Which
this was also retested in the 1990’s by COBE and still proved that it was all
correct. With the discovery of cosmic
microwave background they were also able to explain how the galaxies were
formed from the helium because of how hot the universe was. They found that the variations in
temperatures did vary from place to place.
Because of how fast the universe was expanding it wasn’t able to produce
too much of heavier elements but these heavier elements then were eventually
made in stars. But a big part of our
understanding of the Big Bang theory comes from particle physics. But also we have Olbers’ paradox that is “we
can see only a finite number of stars because the universe began at a
particular moment. While the universe
may contain an infinite number of stars, we can only see those that lie within
the observable universe.”(Bennett, 2012) So all in all to back up the theory we
have both the cosmic microwave background and the composition of the
universe. This theory is respected by
many scientists and is still what many to believe how our earth has
started. This theory is not accepted by
all people where others have their beliefs on how it started but not all they
have facts or evidence to back it up.
Some people just rely on faith and belief. Sometimes growing up in a religious
background or family I can see many people have a hard time to believe in this
theory and it to be true. They believe
that God has created the Earth and everything or anyone that is on it. I grew up in a religious home and I do
believe in God but I still have my doubts on how our earth and universe was
created. I believe in part of this Big
Bang but I like other people have a hard time believing things without seeing
and fully understanding. I have enough
knowledge that I can comprehend but I do think I will always be stuck in that
stage of wonder.
One
key explanation that has been found to explain our universe is inflation. Inflation is considered to be a dramatic
burst of expansion. Inflations answers
dome of the questions that some people still ask that the Big Bang theory
doesn’t explain to them. In 1981, a
physicist Alan Guth came up with explanations to all those open questions on
the Big Bang theory. He said that the
energy through space is irregular and tiny quantum make up those
irregulars. These quantum’s’ could have
been seeds that eventually created galaxies with their enhancements. The inflation would have stretched the
enhancements to the size of our solar system.
Next he said that inflation causes two regions to never be able to come
into contact more than once with each other.
Inflation causes these regions to be equalized and separated from each
other. With that, this means that these
regions were moving faster than the speed of light, which according to Einstein
nothing moves faster than the speed of light.
Inflation says between these regions thought they move so quickly
nothing can move between them faster than the speed of light. Alan believed that the universe was flat
which saying that critical matter and density of matter are equal. Each of these explanations of inflation was
tested by WAMP. To test these
predictions of inflation that had to correspond the records to what will be
happening now or later times. They said
for these to be correct the density matter and critical matter had to match
with the deuterium of the universe. The
age of our earth would need to be about 13.7 billion years which did match with
Hubble’s law. But with every theory of
explanation people are going to search and find reasons to why it doesn’t work
or why it needs to be changed.
We
all want to know for sure how our universe came about. Some, I believe even question why were we all
formed and why was everything formed in that way? But science can only take us so far to answer
some of all the questions and having evidence to prove it. But science has grown so much over the years
it is consistently changing. But with
science and physics they were able to come up with the Big Bang theory. Not only did they come up with a theory but
they were able to prove most of it with evidence. But with theories that always leaves open
ends or questions. These other questions
of the Big Bang were answer with the explanation of inflation. But no matter what some people are still not
going to believe whether they have the evidence or not. I believe many in this world don’t have the
knowledge to completely understand this theory which causes them to still be in
wonder.
Works cited
Bennett, Jeffrey. The Essential Cosmic Perspective.
6th ed. San Francisco: Addison-Wesley, 2012. Print.
Hawking, Steven. "Big Bang
Theory." Big Bang Theory.
Allaboutscience, 2011. Web. 6 Dec. 2012.
Carr, Karen. "Big
Bang." - Space Science
for Kids! Dewahost, 23 Oct.
2012. Web. 6 Dec. 2012
"The Big Bang - NASA
Science." The Big Bang -
NASA Science. NASA, 18 Oct. 2012. Web. 6 Dec. 2012.
Larocco, Chris. "THE BIG
BANG:Â ." THE BIG
BANG. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2012http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/bigbang.htm
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